Document Type

Working Paper

Publication Date

9-7-2016

SSRN Discipline

Legal Scholarship Network; Legal Anthropology eJournals; LSN Subject Matter eJournals; AARN Subject Matter eJournals; Cultural Anthropology eJournals; Law School Research Papers - Public Law & Legal Theory; Political Science Network; Anthropology & Archaeology Research Network

Abstract

American constitutional law scholars have long questioned whether courts can really drive social reform and this position remains largely unchallenged even in the wake of recent landmark decisions affecting the LGBT community In contrast court watchers in India "” spurred by developments in a special type of legal action developed in the late 1970s known as "public interest litigation" or "PIL" "” have only recently begun questioning the judiciary's ability to promote progressive social change Indian scholarship on this point has veered between despair that PIL cases no longer reliably produce good outcomes for India's most disadvantaged and optimism that public interest litigation can be returned to its glory days of heroic judicial intervention And no pair of cases so nicely captures this dichotomy as the 2009 decision in Naz Foundation which decriminalized sodomy and the 2012 decision in Suresh Kumar Koushal which overruled Naz This paper uses public interest litigation and India's recent sodomy cases to demonstrate that the relationship between state actors like courts and society is often far less stable than the democratic ideal of "citizen sovereignty" would suggestbrbrI argue first that supporters of public interest litigation should neither give up on PIL suits as a means of effecting social reform nor imagine that PIL suits can ever reliably produce desirable outcomes As a type of legal action public interest litigation simply cannot be reverse engineered in this way But second I reinterpret the documented and widely critiqued shift in PIL cases from protecting fundamental rights during the 1970s and "˜80s to protecting the interests of advantaged litigants in the 1990s and 2000s While earlier PIL cases reflect the Indian Constitution's commitment to governmentled social reform and the sharing of sovereignty between citizens and the state contemporary PIL cases reflect the Constitution's commitment to an agency theory of sovereignty whereby government merely acts on behalf of citizens Because neither vision of sovereignty is paramount over the long run shifts in public interest litigation reflect the productive and dynamic equilibrium between the two

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